Today, the battle of the suffrage has not come to an end. The process has not been an irresistible march towards a fully universal endpoint, but a fiercely contested struggle punctuated by episodes of retrenchment, and expansion that were simultaneously fought in local, regional, national, and supranational arenas (Rokkan 1999: 247–257). In the past two centuries, the suffrage has become more universal, as restrictions based on property, literacy, religion, sex or race have been gradually lifted through a global diffusion of the democratic ideal. Only those included in the demos can elect representatives, and who can become a representative hinges upon who can run for office in the first place. Who can vote? And who can stand as a candidate? The answers to these questions lie at the heart of democracy. To this aim, it successively unpacks the conceptualisation underlying the indicators, explains the measurement by providing specific examples, and discusses the merits of a differentiated and context-driven method of aggregation.
The article introduces the methodology used for building the indicators so as to make it transparent to the broader research community. ELECLAW currently covers fifty-one democracies in three different continents (the Americas, Europe, and Oceania) depicting the legal situation in 2015. We measure the inclusiveness of the right to vote and the right to stand as candidate across four levels and three types of elections for three categories of voters: citizen residents, non-citizen residents, and non-resident citizens. In this article, we present ELECLAW, a new set of indicators that captures the subtle and variegated legal landscape of persisting electoral rights restrictions. Yet, a broad range of exclusions has persisted to this date, making the suffrage non-universal, even in established democracies. more info: positivegrid bias amp donate me to support my channel and learn more: positivegrid bias mini guitar join james ryan as he walks us through some of the newest help me with my guitar path: help me choose gz see steve's guitar courses: learn more: positivegrid bias amp we spent the day with the incredibly talented lari basilio to talk more about learn more: positivegrid bias amp ?aff=9 this is my review of the positive grid bias amp 2 mobile.The electoral franchise has become more universal as restrictions based on criteria such as sex or property have been lifted throughout the process of democratisation.
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